Guiseppe Mazzini
Guiseppe Mazzini, (1805-72). Italian political thinker and writer, committed to the unification of Italy as a republic. He joined a secret republican society, the Carbonari, but was betrayed and exiled to France in 1831. He spent many years in Switzerland, Britain, and France, where he plotted several unsuccessful uprisings in Italy. With the revolution of 1848 he returned to Italy and became head of the republican government in Rome until it was overthrown. The establishment of Italy as a unified kingdom (1861), rather than as a republic, was a great disappointment to him.
