John Maynard Keynes
John Maynard Keynes, (1883-1946)’ British economist. He was a director of the Bank of England from 1941 and became governor of the International Monetary Fund shortly before his death. Among his influential , writings are The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) and The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1935); in the latter he put forward his revolutionary view that high levels of unemployment should be alleviated by increased government spending. ‘Keynesianism’ dominated economic policy in Britain from 1945 until the late 1970s. Khomeini, Ayatollah, title of Ruhollah Hendi (1900-89). Iranian religious leader, who became the effective ruler of his country after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Khomeini taught for many years at the theological school in Qom, writing numerous works on Islamic law. In 1964 he was forced to leave the country after criticizing the Westernizing regime of the shah. Working from France, he helped to orchestrate the Islamic Revolution that overthrew the shah in January 1979 on his return to Iran he was greeted as a saviour and became the most powerful figure in the new Islamic state. Khomeini outraged Western opinion with his support for the seizure of the US embassy (1979). He also presided over mass executions of dissidents in the 1980s and a long and futile war with Iraq (1980-88). International criticism was further aroused by his offer of a large reward to anyone who would kill the British author Salman Rushdie (1989). Since Khomeini’s death, Iran’s leaders have made cautious attempts to mend relations with the West.
